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DrandruffTips
Dandruff (Pityriasis capitis) is the excessiveflaking of dead skin that forms on the scalp. As it is
normal for skin cells to die and flake off, a small amount of flaking is normaland in fact quite common. Some people, however, either chronically or as a resultof certain triggers, experience an unusually large amount of flaking, which canbe not only a visual nuisance, but is also often accompanied by redness and irritation.Most cases of dandruff can be treated with specialized shampoos or common householdremedies.
Dandruff can also be a symptom of seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis,fungal infection or head lice. Excessive scratching should be avoided. Scratchingto the point of causing breaks in the skin can increase the risk for infections,particularly from staph and strep bacteria.
Last Updated- 11th January 2006
Causes
- As skingrows, epidermal cells are pushed outward where they eventually die and flakeoff the body. In most people, these flakes of skin are too small to be visible.However, certain conditions cause cell turnover to be unusually rapid, especiallycommon in the scalp. In people with dandruff, skin cells may die and be replacedabout once every two weeks, as opposed to around once a month in healthy people.The result is that dead skin cells are shed in large clumps, which appear as small,unsightly white or grayish patches on the scalp.
- Dandruff is understoodto be the result of a combination of factors. Some of these factors are well studied,whereas others have not been thoroughly investigated.
- The most commoncause of dandruff is probably the fungus Malassezia furfur (previously known asPityrosporum ovale). This fungus is found naturally on the skin surface of bothhealthy people and those with dandruff. The fungus likes fat, and is consequentlyfound most on skin areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp, face and upperpart of the body. When Malassezia furfur grows too rapidly, the natural renewalof cells is disturbed and dandruff appears with itching. Other fungi may havea similar role in causing dandruff, as may certain bacteria.
- There isa common misconception that dandruff is caused by a dry scalp, or the drying effectof excessive shampooing. In fact, the opposite is true: people with oily scalpstend to suffer most from dandruff.
- Mild dandruff may be caused by overactivesebaceous glands. Other causative factors include family history, food allergies,excessive perspiration, use of alkaline soaps, yeast infections, and stress. Eventhe season of the year can contribute to the problem: Cold, dry winters are notoriousfor bringing on dandruff or making it worse. Symptoms of dandruff can also beaggravated by exposure to dust, UV light, harsh shampoos, and hair dyes.
- Dandruffis sometimes the symptom of seborrheic dermatitis.
- Seasonal changes, stress,and certain diseases seem to affect seborrheic dermatitis. The cold, dry air offall and winter often triggers a flare-up. Emotional stress can worsen the conditionas well.
- Dandruff can in some cases be linked to poor nutrition, particularlydeficiencies in the mineral zinc.
Treatment
- Theappearance of flakes can be reduced, especially in those who suffer from onlya mild case of dandruff, by proper hair care. Some people mistakenly avoid washingtheir hair, believing that the drying effect of shampoo will worsen their dandruff.By washing the hair regularly, however, dead skin is in fact removed before itcan build up into larger, more noticeable flakes. Using acid-based shampoos helpsrestore acidity to the scalp, breaking down oils and preventing dead skin cellsfrom collecting into visible clumps. However, shampoos with milder medication,or shampoos that are not marked to treat seborrheic dermatitis, may have littleto no effect on redness and irritation.
- There are shampoo brands availablespecifically for those who have dandruff. The gold standard of treatment is atar shampoo that contains salicylic acid. Other less effective products are Head& Shoulders, which contains zinc pyrithione, Selsun Blue which contains seleniumsulfide, Neutrogena, T/Gel, which contains coal tar; and various generic productswith the same active ingredients. For more persistent or severe dandruff, as wellas dandruff due to seborrheic dermatitis, shampoo containing 1% or 2% ketoconazole,such as Nizoral, can be used. These anti-dandruff ingredients are either fungicides,which kill the Malassezia furfur fungus, or acids which break down the oils onthe scalp that lead to visible clumping of dead skin flakes. Household remediesto get rid of dandruff are apple cider vinegar, salt or lemon juice.
- Severeforms of dandruff, particularly if accompanied by flaking or scaling on otherparts of the body, should be treated by a dermatologist. Dandruff can occur inconjuction with skin conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis.
- Dandruffvaries from person to person. It may be necessary to try various shampoos withdifferent active ingredients (selenium sulfide, tar, salicylic acid, zinc pyrithione,ketoconazole) to find the best suited for any one individual.
- Furthermore,tea tree oil's antifungal activity has been found useful in the treatment of dandruff.
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Disclaimer: The Dandruff Tips / Informationpresented and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarilyrepresent the views of TipsAndTreats.com and/or its partners.
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